DE883350C - Verfahren zur Polymerisation von polymerisierbaren Vinylaryl-Verbindungen, vorzugsweise Styrolen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Polymerisation von polymerisierbaren Vinylaryl-Verbindungen, vorzugsweise StyrolenInfo
- Publication number
- DE883350C DE883350C DEP55202A DEP0055202A DE883350C DE 883350 C DE883350 C DE 883350C DE P55202 A DEP55202 A DE P55202A DE P0055202 A DEP0055202 A DE P0055202A DE 883350 C DE883350 C DE 883350C
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- polymerization
- catalyst
- benzoyl peroxide
- vinylaryl
- monomer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 41
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 26
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 24
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims 2
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 54
- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 organic peroxide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 61
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 50
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 28
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 26
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 11
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003974 emollient agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- NHUXFMNHQIITCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCOCCCC NHUXFMNHQIITCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 5
- PAOHAQSLJSMLAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butylperoxybutane Chemical group CCCCOOCCCC PAOHAQSLJSMLAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ISRGONDNXBCDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorostyrene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1C=C ISRGONDNXBCDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QMMJWQMCMRUYTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C1Cl QMMJWQMCMRUYTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001253 acrylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- IEPRKVQEAMIZSS-AATRIKPKSA-N diethyl fumarate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OCC IEPRKVQEAMIZSS-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 3
- 125000000864 peroxy group Chemical group O(O*)* 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical class C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAIHOCOWYAMXQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-cyanoprop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=CC#N KAIHOCOWYAMXQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Natural products CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl phthalate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- IPKKHRVROFYTEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipentyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCC IPKKHRVROFYTEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- PBZROIMXDZTJDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hepta-1,6-dien-4-one Chemical compound C=CCC(=O)CC=C PBZROIMXDZTJDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- UCUUFSAXZMGPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-dien-3-one Chemical class C=CC(=O)C=C UCUUFSAXZMGPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960000834 vinyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 2
- RUGDBESIUZOJPC-VOTSOKGWSA-N (e)-4-oxo-4-(2-phenoxyethoxy)but-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OCCOC1=CC=CC=C1 RUGDBESIUZOJPC-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYPOHTVBFVELTG-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-but-2-enedinitrile Chemical compound N#C\C=C\C#N KYPOHTVBFVELTG-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVHAMPNLOLKSFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,2-trichloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 SVHAMPNLOLKSFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLYIZMZYUFMJKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2-ethenylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(Cl)=C(C=C)C=CC2=C1 RLYIZMZYUFMJKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BOVQCIDBZXNFEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-3-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(C=C)=C1 BOVQCIDBZXNFEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTHGRQSFMYIQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1CCC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 HTHGRQSFMYIQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTZVZZJJVJQZHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 KTZVZZJJVJQZHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITZFTBJQPRSOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tert-butyl-4-(2-methylpropoxy)benzene Chemical compound CC(C)COC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1 ITZFTBJQPRSOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-vinylnaphthalene Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C=C)=CC=CC2=C1 IGGDKDTUCAWDAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQOVXPHOJANJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(CC)OOC(C)(C)C HQOVXPHOJANJBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CISIJYCKDJSTMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 CISIJYCKDJSTMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAVNYPVYNSIHNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzylidenepropanedinitrile Chemical class N#CC(C#N)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WAVNYPVYNSIHNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGHVZWXDNWBXRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethyl 2-phenoxyacetate Chemical class CCCCOCCOC(=O)COC1=CC=CC=C1 LGHVZWXDNWBXRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZTBMYHIYNGYIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroacrylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)=C SZTBMYHIYNGYIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBXYCBGDIALKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroprop-2-enamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C(Cl)=C YBXYCBGDIALKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYUNTGBISCIYPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroprop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound ClC(=C)C#N OYUNTGBISCIYPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MENUHMSZHZBYMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyclohexylethenylbenzene Chemical class C1CCCCC1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MENUHMSZHZBYMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHFXOTDULDBHKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethyl 2-(2-chlorophenoxy)acetate Chemical class CCOCCOC(=O)COC1=CC=CC=C1Cl UHFXOTDULDBHKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical class CC(C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMAXFAQWCDUBLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenoxyethyl benzoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OCCOC1=CC=CC=C1 WMAXFAQWCDUBLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- HKADMMFLLPJEAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical class FC(F)(F)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HKADMMFLLPJEAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PKZVBYCWPSVUMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-cyanoprop-2-enamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=CC#N PKZVBYCWPSVUMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJPSFJLSZZTSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethoxyprop-1-ene Chemical group CCOCC=C OJPSFJLSZZTSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOURNDFHPYLQDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxyprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical class COCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XOURNDFHPYLQDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEBRPXLXYCFYGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbut-1-enylbenzene Chemical class CC(C)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 CEBRPXLXYCFYGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSDZSLGMRRSAHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbutan-2-ylcyclopropane Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)C1CC1 JSDZSLGMRRSAHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enoxyprop-1-ene Chemical compound C=CCOCC=C ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical class CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZXJPLGCUVUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene Chemical class CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1C PMZXJPLGCUVUDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQWHLNCODHOFCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenylbut-3-enenitrile Chemical class N#CCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 CQWHLNCODHOFCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGAUEKAFLZZAMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenylbut-3-enyl acetate Chemical class CC(=O)OCCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PGAUEKAFLZZAMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MZIVXZZXYPYGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C=1C(O)=CC=CC1)(=O)O.C(C(O)C)(=O)OCC Chemical compound C(C=1C(O)=CC=CC1)(=O)O.C(C(O)C)(=O)OCC MZIVXZZXYPYGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- IEPRKVQEAMIZSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-Et ester-Fumaric acid Natural products CCOC(=O)C=CC(=O)OCC IEPRKVQEAMIZSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004641 Diallyl-phthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- IEPRKVQEAMIZSS-WAYWQWQTSA-N Diethyl maleate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OCC IEPRKVQEAMIZSS-WAYWQWQTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical class C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GMEONFUTDYJSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl levulinate Chemical class CCOC(=O)CCC(C)=O GMEONFUTDYJSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- STNJBCKSHOAVAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrolein Chemical compound CC(=C)C=O STNJBCKSHOAVAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M Sodium oleate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008378 aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC=C QUDWYFHPNIMBFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HABAXTXIECRCKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) butanedioate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)CCC(=O)OCC=C HABAXTXIECRCKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BKXRKRANFLFTFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) oxalate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C(=O)OCC=C BKXRKRANFLFTFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012662 bulk polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-enylbenzene Chemical class CCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004106 butoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NRVKWKPZZQHRSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCCCC1 NRVKWKPZZQHRSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001987 diarylethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CPZVJYPXOWWFSW-QXMHVHEDSA-N dibenzyl (z)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1COC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 CPZVJYPXOWWFSW-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YPTLFOZCUOHVFO-SREVYHEPSA-N diethyl (z)-2-methylbut-2-enedioate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C(\C)C(=O)OCC YPTLFOZCUOHVFO-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQEXBUQDXKPVHR-PLNGDYQASA-N dimethyl (z)-2-methylbut-2-enedioate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C(\C)C(=O)OC WQEXBUQDXKPVHR-PLNGDYQASA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDCRTTXIJACKKU-ONEGZZNKSA-N dimethyl fumarate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OC LDCRTTXIJACKKU-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004419 dimethyl fumarate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- LDCRTTXIJACKKU-ARJAWSKDSA-N dimethyl maleate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OC LDCRTTXIJACKKU-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl phthalate Natural products CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001826 dimethylphthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FNMTVMWFISHPEV-WAYWQWQTSA-N dipropan-2-yl (z)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OC(C)C FNMTVMWFISHPEV-WAYWQWQTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 1
- QZYRMODBFHTNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ditert-butyl benzene-1,2-dicarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OOC(C)(C)C QZYRMODBFHTNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYDYPVFESGNLHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N elaidic acid methyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC QYDYPVFESGNLHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NHOGGUYTANYCGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxybenzene Chemical compound C=COC1=CC=CC=C1 NHOGGUYTANYCGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000006332 fluoro benzoyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical compound FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- FGGJBCRKSVGDPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroperoxycyclohexane Chemical compound OOC1CCCCC1 FGGJBCRKSVGDPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(N)=O FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AWJZTPWDQYFQPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-chloroprop-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(Cl)=C AWJZTPWDQYFQPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYDYPVFESGNLHU-KHPPLWFESA-N methyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC QYDYPVFESGNLHU-KHPPLWFESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940073769 methyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical group CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VIDGELNFXVPECZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-carbonyl naphthalene-1-carboperoxoate Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C(OOC(=O)C=3C4=CC=CC=C4C=CC=3)=O)=CC=CC2=C1 VIDGELNFXVPECZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M pent-4-enoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YEUKJHYLBPPSQJ-SEYXRHQNSA-N pentyl (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCC YEUKJHYLBPPSQJ-SEYXRHQNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002976 peresters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000612 phthaloyl group Chemical group C(C=1C(C(=O)*)=CC=CC1)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- QROGIFZRVHSFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-enylbenzene Chemical class CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 QROGIFZRVHSFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POSICDHOUBKJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enoxybenzene Chemical compound C=CCOC1=CC=CC=C1 POSICDHOUBKJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C=C QTECDUFMBMSHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/28—Oxygen or compounds releasing free oxygen
- C08F4/32—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F12/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F12/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F12/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/36—Polymerisation in solid state
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US51633A US2656334A (en) | 1948-09-28 | 1948-09-28 | Catalytic polymerization process |
US339322A US2692260A (en) | 1948-09-28 | 1953-01-16 | Catalytic polymerization process for vinyl aryl compositions |
US339323A US2692251A (en) | 1948-09-28 | 1953-01-21 | Catalytic polymerization process for vinyl aryl compositions |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE883350C true DE883350C (de) | 1953-07-16 |
Family
ID=27367992
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DEP55202A Expired DE883350C (de) | 1948-09-28 | 1949-09-17 | Verfahren zur Polymerisation von polymerisierbaren Vinylaryl-Verbindungen, vorzugsweise Styrolen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US2692260A (en]) |
BE (1) | BE498376A (en]) |
DE (1) | DE883350C (en]) |
FR (1) | FR995845A (en]) |
GB (1) | GB691908A (en]) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1094985B (de) * | 1954-06-08 | 1960-12-15 | E H Karl Ziegler Dr Dr | Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Olefinen zu linearen, im wesentlichen unverzweigten hochmolekularen Polymerisaten |
DE1137864B (de) * | 1958-02-25 | 1962-10-11 | Koppers Co Inc | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischpolymerisaten aus Styrol und ª‡-Methylstyrol |
DE1178213B (de) * | 1961-09-04 | 1964-09-17 | Buna Chem Werke Veb | Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Styrol in waessriger Suspension |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2901470A (en) * | 1954-11-22 | 1959-08-25 | Du Pont | Process of preparing linear polymers of multivinyl aromatic compounds |
US3268490A (en) * | 1962-03-07 | 1966-08-23 | Sunden Olof | Method of preparing polyacrylonitrile fibers |
US3224994A (en) * | 1963-06-25 | 1965-12-21 | Union Carbide Corp | Plasticized isotactic copolymers of styrene and chlorostyrene |
US4594309A (en) * | 1984-10-31 | 1986-06-10 | Allied Corporation | α,β Diketone containing polymers as positive photoresist compositions |
US4692472A (en) * | 1986-05-05 | 1987-09-08 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Divinylbenzene in expandable beads for cup molding |
DE4219379A1 (de) * | 1992-06-13 | 1993-12-16 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von perlförmigen expandierbaren Styrolpolymerisaten |
EP1251143B1 (en) * | 2001-04-17 | 2012-07-18 | Total Petrochemicals Research Feluy | Monovinylaromatic polymer with improved stress crack resistance |
US6362361B1 (en) | 2001-06-22 | 2002-03-26 | Crompton Corporation | Peroxyketals derived from cyclic beta-keto esters |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2632758A (en) * | 1946-12-11 | 1953-03-24 | Brothman Abraham | Polymerization of methylmethac-rylate with mixture of benzoyl peroxide and tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide |
US2504082A (en) * | 1947-08-14 | 1950-04-11 | Rohm & Haas | Acrylic esters of alkoxy-3-butenols and polymers therefrom |
-
0
- BE BE498376D patent/BE498376A/xx unknown
-
1949
- 1949-09-17 DE DEP55202A patent/DE883350C/de not_active Expired
- 1949-09-20 FR FR995845D patent/FR995845A/fr not_active Expired
- 1949-09-21 GB GB24264/49A patent/GB691908A/en not_active Expired
-
1953
- 1953-01-16 US US339322A patent/US2692260A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1953-01-21 US US339323A patent/US2692251A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1094985B (de) * | 1954-06-08 | 1960-12-15 | E H Karl Ziegler Dr Dr | Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Olefinen zu linearen, im wesentlichen unverzweigten hochmolekularen Polymerisaten |
DE1137864B (de) * | 1958-02-25 | 1962-10-11 | Koppers Co Inc | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischpolymerisaten aus Styrol und ª‡-Methylstyrol |
DE1178213B (de) * | 1961-09-04 | 1964-09-17 | Buna Chem Werke Veb | Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Styrol in waessriger Suspension |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB691908A (en) | 1953-05-27 |
US2692251A (en) | 1954-10-19 |
BE498376A (en]) | |
US2692260A (en) | 1954-10-19 |
FR995845A (fr) | 1951-12-10 |
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